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The iPhone Wiki is no longer updated. Visit this article on The Apple Wiki for current information. |
Difference between revisions of "Kernel"
(→Boot-Args: updated boot-args list + method of extraction (musclenerd's script was obsolete and didnt work well)) |
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Kexts use boot-args as well, as can be seen when disassembly by calls to PE_parse_boot_argn (usually exported, _PE_parse_boot_argn 8027A8EC on the iOS 6.1.3 kernel, discovered by [[User:Haifisch|Haifisch]]). Finding references (using IDA) reveals hundreds places in the code wherein arguments are parsed in modules, pertaining to Flash, HDMI, and [[AppleMobileFileIntegrity|AMFI]]. |
Kexts use boot-args as well, as can be seen when disassembly by calls to PE_parse_boot_argn (usually exported, _PE_parse_boot_argn 8027A8EC on the iOS 6.1.3 kernel, discovered by [[User:Haifisch|Haifisch]]). Finding references (using IDA) reveals hundreds places in the code wherein arguments are parsed in modules, pertaining to Flash, HDMI, and [[AppleMobileFileIntegrity|AMFI]]. |
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| − | Here's a list of boot-args extracted with the [https://github.com/pod2g/ios_stuff/tree/master/idc-ios-boot-args IDA script] by [[User:MuscleNerd|MuscleNerd]]: |
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| + | The list of boot-args can be extracted from any kernel dump once the address of _PE_parse_boot_argn is determined (which is usually automatically). A list from iOS 8.4 is shown below: |
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| − | -disable_aslr (From the xnu source code) |
||
| + | |||
| − | _nand-part-poison |
||
| + | # perform a full disassembly, isolate decompiled lines (^;) with PE_parse.. and isolate string between quotes, sorted uniquely: |
||
| − | _panicd_corename |
||
| + | # morpheus@Zephyr (~)$ '''jtool -d __TEXT.__text kernel.8.4.dump | grep PE_parse |grep '^; '| cut -d\" -f2 | cut -d\" -f1 | sort -u''' |
||
| − | _panicd_ip |
||
| − | _router_ip |
||
| − | acc_debug |
||
| − | aesdev |
||
| − | als_enable_debug |
||
| − | amfi |
||
| − | amfi_allow_any_signature |
||
| − | amfi_get_out_of_my_way |
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| − | amfi_unrestrict_task_for_pid |
||
| − | AppleEmbeddedUSBArbitrator-debug |
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| − | AppleS5L8930XUSBArbitrator-debug |
||
| − | AppleUSBPhy-debug |
||
| − | arm7m-enable-jtag |
||
-b |
-b |
||
| + | -disable_atm |
||
| − | backlight-level |
||
| + | -factory_debug |
||
| − | backlight-logging |
||
| + | -l |
||
| − | baseband-spi-sclk-period |
||
| + | -multiq-deep-drain |
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| − | bcom.chip.driveStrength_mA |
||
| + | -no-zp |
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| − | bcom.chip.watermark |
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| + | -no64exec |
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| − | bcom.clock.sd-rate |
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| + | -novfscache |
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| − | bcom.devif.fn2-block-size |
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| + | -oldmezname |
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| − | bcom.devif.rx-retries |
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| + | -panic_on_exception_triage |
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| − | bcom.devif.transaction-log |
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| + | -progress |
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| − | bcom.devif.tx-retries |
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| + | -qos-policy-allow |
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| − | bcom.feature.flags |
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| + | -s |
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| − | bcom.ps.inactivity.timeout |
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| + | -vm16k |
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| − | bcom.wte.thread-priority |
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| + | -vnode_cache_defeat |
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| + | -x |
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| + | -zc |
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| + | -zinfop |
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| + | -zp |
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| + | aks_default_class |
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| + | assert |
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| + | bg_preempt |
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boot-uuid |
boot-uuid |
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| + | colors |
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| − | brightness |
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| + | cpumon_ustackshots_trigger_pct |
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| − | burnin-size |
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| − | cameraclocks |
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| − | charger-debug |
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| − | cpus |
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| − | cs_debug |
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| − | cs_enforcement_disable |
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darkwake |
darkwake |
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dart |
dart |
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dcc |
dcc |
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debug |
debug |
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| + | diag |
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| − | disable-usb-iap |
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| + | disable_exc_resource |
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| − | dp_async_event_fail_hard |
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| − | dp_audio_driver_level |
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| − | dp_audio_driver_mask |
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| − | dp_audio_interface_level |
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| − | dp_audio_interface_mask |
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| − | dp_controller_level |
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| − | dp_controller_mask |
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| − | dp_device_level |
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| − | dp_device_mask |
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| − | dp_display_interface_level |
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| − | dp_display_interface_mask |
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| − | dp_interface_level |
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| − | dp_interface_mask |
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| − | dp_log_level |
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| − | dp_max_channel_count_lpcm |
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| − | dp_max_sample_rate_lpcm |
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| − | dp_max_sample_size_lpcm |
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| − | dp_min_channel_count_lpcm |
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| − | dp_min_sample_rate_lpcm |
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| − | dp_min_sample_size_lpcm |
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| − | dp_service_level |
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| − | dp_service_mask |
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| − | dpsm |
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| − | dvb |
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| − | dvc |
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| − | dvd |
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| − | effaceable-enable-full-scan |
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| − | effaceable-enable-wipe |
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| − | enable-acsleep |
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| − | fairshare_minblockedtime |
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fill |
fill |
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| + | hwm_user_cores |
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| − | fixedpriority_quantum |
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| − | fix-parity |
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| − | force-usb-host |
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| − | force-usb-power |
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| − | hdmi_max_channel_count_lpcm |
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| − | hdmi_max_sample_rate_lpcm |
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| − | hdmi_max_sample_size_lpcm |
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| − | hdmi_min_channel_count_lpcm |
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| − | hdmi_min_sample_rate_lpcm |
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| − | hdmi_min_sample_size_lpcm |
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| − | hdmi_protection_type |
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| − | hp-detect-invert |
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| − | hp-pop-workaround |
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| − | hp-switch-force-config |
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| − | hp-switch-ramp |
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| − | hsic |
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| − | i2c-logsize |
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| − | i2c-verbose |
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ifa_debug |
ifa_debug |
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ifnet_debug |
ifnet_debug |
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| + | imp_interactive_receiver |
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| + | inaddr_nhash |
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initmcl |
initmcl |
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| + | interrupt_accounting |
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io |
io |
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| + | io_throttle_period_tier1 |
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| − | iopfmi-timeout |
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| + | io_throttle_period_tier2 |
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| + | io_throttle_period_tier3 |
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| + | io_throttle_window_tier1 |
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| + | io_throttle_window_tier2 |
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| + | io_throttle_window_tier3 |
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| + | iosched |
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iotrace |
iotrace |
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| + | jcon |
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| − | jpeg-log |
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jtag |
jtag |
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| − | kdp_crashdump_pkt_size |
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| − | kdp_ip_addr |
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| − | kdp_match_mac |
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| − | kdp_match_name |
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keepsyms |
keepsyms |
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| + | kernel_stack_pages |
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kextlog |
kextlog |
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| + | kmapoff |
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| − | link_recovery_enabled |
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| + | lcks |
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| + | lo_txstart |
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| + | longterm |
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| + | max_cpumon_interval |
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| + | max_cpumon_percentage |
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| + | max_task_pmem |
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| + | maxmem |
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| + | maxoffset |
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mbuf_debug |
mbuf_debug |
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mbuf_pool |
mbuf_pool |
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| Line 134: | Line 92: | ||
mseg |
mseg |
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msgbuf |
msgbuf |
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| − | mt-bytes |
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| − | mt-strings |
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mtxspin |
mtxspin |
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| + | multiq_drain_band_limit |
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| − | nand-boot-malloc |
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| + | multiq_drain_depth_limit |
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| − | nand-check-vs |
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| + | multiq_drain_urgent_first |
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| − | nand-commands |
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| − | nand-disable-driver |
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| − | nand-dump-vs-table |
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| − | nand-enable-adm |
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| − | nand-enable-reformat |
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| − | nand-enable-yaftl |
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| − | nand-erase |
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| − | nand-erase-install |
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| − | nand-fbbt-publish |
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| − | nand-force-restore |
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| − | nand-idle-timeout-ms |
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| − | nand-ignore-ptab |
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| − | nand-index-cache-size |
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| − | nand-latency-us |
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| − | nand-max-pages |
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| − | nand-neuralize |
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| − | nand-nvram-debug |
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| − | nand-ppn-debug |
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| − | nand-ppn-vs-debug |
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| − | nand-qual |
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| − | nand-queue-entries |
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| − | nand-read-blocks-max |
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| − | nand-read-dccycle-clks |
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| − | nand-read-hold-clks |
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| − | nand-readonly |
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| − | nand-read-setup-clks |
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| − | nand-reorder-defer-max |
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| − | nand-reorder-defer-size-trigger |
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| − | nand-reorder-read-promote-max |
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| − | nand-reset-burnin |
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| − | nand-save-rma-data |
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| − | nand-set-rma |
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| − | nand-sftl-cache-drain |
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| − | nand-sleep-debug-panic |
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| − | nand-slow-timings |
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| − | nand-wearlevel-timeout-ms |
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| − | nand-whiten-metadata |
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| − | nand-wipe |
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| − | nand-write-blocks-max |
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| − | nand-write-hold-clks |
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| − | nand-write-setup-clks |
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nbuf |
nbuf |
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ncl |
ncl |
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| + | net.inet.ip.scopedroute |
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net.inet6.ip6.scopedroute |
net.inet6.ip6.scopedroute |
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net_affinity |
net_affinity |
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net_rtref |
net_rtref |
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| + | net_rxpoll |
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network-type |
network-type |
||
| + | panic_on_cs_killed |
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| − | -no64exec |
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| + | preempt |
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| − | -novfscache |
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| + | qos_override_mode |
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| − | panicd_port |
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| − | pcp |
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| − | pctb |
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| − | pdmvr |
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| − | pio-error |
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| − | pmu-chargetrap |
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| − | pmu-debug |
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| − | ppn-clean |
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| − | -progress |
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| − | prox_enable_debug |
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| − | pthtest |
||
rd |
rd |
||
| − | remote_nmi |
||
rootdev |
rootdev |
||
| + | rte_debug |
||
| − | -s |
||
| + | sched |
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| − | sdio.clock.base-rate |
||
| + | sched_decay_penalty |
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| − | sdio.clock.sd-rate |
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| + | sched_decay_usage_age_factor |
||
| − | sdio.debug.abort-init |
||
| + | sched_pri_decay_limit |
||
| − | sdio.debug.init-delay |
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| + | sched_use_combined_fgbg_decay |
||
| − | sdio.log.flags |
||
| − | sdio.log.level |
||
| − | sdio.transfer.max-pio-blocks |
||
| − | sdio.transfer.max-pio-size |
||
| − | sdio.transfer.mode |
||
serial |
serial |
||
| + | serverperfmode |
||
| − | sgx_panic_on_recovery |
||
| − | shadev |
||
slto_us |
slto_us |
||
socket_debug |
socket_debug |
||
| + | task_policy_suppression_disable |
||
| − | torchcltm0 |
||
| + | task_wakeups_monitor_interval |
||
| − | usb |
||
| + | task_wakeups_monitor_rate |
||
| − | usb_dev_nmi |
||
| + | task_wakeups_monitor_ustackshots_trigger_pct |
||
| − | usb_dev_reset |
||
| + | tbi |
||
| − | -vnode_cache_defeat |
||
| + | trace |
||
| − | wdt |
||
| + | trace_panic |
||
| + | trace_typefilter |
||
| + | trace_wake |
||
| + | unrestrict_coalition_syscalls |
||
| + | vm_compression_limit |
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| + | vm_compressor |
||
| + | vm_compressor_immediate |
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| + | vm_compressor_threads |
||
wfi |
wfi |
||
| + | wqsize |
||
| − | wlan.ap.channel |
||
| + | zalloc_debug |
||
| − | wlan.debug.abort-init |
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| + | zlog |
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| − | wlan.debug.generate-mac |
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| + | zp-factor |
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| − | wlan.log.flags |
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| + | zp-scale |
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| − | wlan.log.level |
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| + | zrecs |
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| − | wlan.log.timestamp |
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| + | zsize |
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| − | wlan.netmanager.stats-timer-interval |
||
| − | wlan.panic.factory |
||
| − | wqsize |
||
| − | WTE |
||
| − | -x |
||
== Versions == |
== Versions == |
||
Revision as of 19:49, 20 July 2015
The kernel of iOS is the XNU kernel. To learn about what "kernel" means in general, see the Wikipedia article.
Pre-2.0, it was vulnerable to the Ramdisk Hack and may still be, but iBoot doesn't allow boot-args to be passed anymore. It is mapped to memory at 0x80000000, forcing a 2/2GB address separation, similar to Windows 32-bit model. On older iOS versions the separation was 3/1 (mapping the kernel at 0xC0000000), closer to the Linux model.
Note, that this is NOT like 32-bit OS X, wherein the kernel resides in its own address space, but more like OS X 64-bit, wherein CR3 is shared (albeit an address space larger by several orders of magnitude). See the appropriate section.
Contents
ASLR
- Main article: Kernel ASLR
As of iOS 6, the kernel is subject to ASLR, much akin to Mountain Lion (OS X 10.8). This make exploitation harder as the location of kernel code cannot be known.
On production and development devices, the kernel is always stored as a statically linked cache stored at /System/Library/Caches/com.apple.kernelcaches/kernelcache that is decompressed and run on startup.
Stack
The kernel maintains thread specific stacks by calling kernel_memory_allocate, this allocates stacks in the specified kalloc zone. The bootstrap thread has its own specific static kernel stack, which is specified by _intstack. IRQ and FIQ handlers will also have their own execution stack which is specified by _irqstack.
Boot-Args
Like its OS X counterpart, iOS's XNU accepts command line arguments (though the actual passing of arguments is done by iBoot, which as of late refuses to do so). Arguments may be directed at the kernel proper, or any one of the many KExts (discussed below). The arguments of the kernel are largely the same as those of OS X.
Kexts use boot-args as well, as can be seen when disassembly by calls to PE_parse_boot_argn (usually exported, _PE_parse_boot_argn 8027A8EC on the iOS 6.1.3 kernel, discovered by Haifisch). Finding references (using IDA) reveals hundreds places in the code wherein arguments are parsed in modules, pertaining to Flash, HDMI, and AMFI.
The list of boot-args can be extracted from any kernel dump once the address of _PE_parse_boot_argn is determined (which is usually automatically). A list from iOS 8.4 is shown below:
# perform a full disassembly, isolate decompiled lines (^;) with PE_parse.. and isolate string between quotes, sorted uniquely: # morpheus@Zephyr (~)$ jtool -d __TEXT.__text kernel.8.4.dump | grep PE_parse |grep '^; '| cut -d\" -f2 | cut -d\" -f1 | sort -u -b -disable_atm -factory_debug -l -multiq-deep-drain -no-zp -no64exec -novfscache -oldmezname -panic_on_exception_triage -progress -qos-policy-allow -s -vm16k -vnode_cache_defeat -x -zc -zinfop -zp aks_default_class assert bg_preempt boot-uuid colors cpumon_ustackshots_trigger_pct darkwake dart dcc debug diag disable_exc_resource fill hwm_user_cores ifa_debug ifnet_debug imp_interactive_receiver inaddr_nhash initmcl interrupt_accounting io io_throttle_period_tier1 io_throttle_period_tier2 io_throttle_period_tier3 io_throttle_window_tier1 io_throttle_window_tier2 io_throttle_window_tier3 iosched iotrace jcon jtag keepsyms kernel_stack_pages kextlog kmapoff lcks lo_txstart longterm max_cpumon_interval max_cpumon_percentage max_task_pmem maxmem maxoffset mbuf_debug mbuf_pool mcache_flags mleak_sample_factor mseg msgbuf mtxspin multiq_drain_band_limit multiq_drain_depth_limit multiq_drain_urgent_first nbuf ncl net.inet.ip.scopedroute net.inet6.ip6.scopedroute net_affinity net_rtref net_rxpoll network-type panic_on_cs_killed preempt qos_override_mode rd rootdev rte_debug sched sched_decay_penalty sched_decay_usage_age_factor sched_pri_decay_limit sched_use_combined_fgbg_decay serial serverperfmode slto_us socket_debug task_policy_suppression_disable task_wakeups_monitor_interval task_wakeups_monitor_rate task_wakeups_monitor_ustackshots_trigger_pct tbi trace trace_panic trace_typefilter trace_wake unrestrict_coalition_syscalls vm_compression_limit vm_compressor vm_compressor_immediate vm_compressor_threads wfi wqsize zalloc_debug zlog zp-factor zp-scale zrecs zsize
Versions
In the beginning iOS had consistently maintained a fairly higher kernel version than the corresponding version of OS X, but over time iOS and OS X "moved nearer" together. Now at the time of writing, OS X Yosemite's XNU is 2782, whereas iOS 8.4 is 2784. This is not surprising, considering that iOS introduced novel features (such as Kernel ASLR, the default freezer, and various security hardening features) which are first incorporated in it, and later made it to OS X. It seems that Apple is planning to gradually unite iOS and OS X kernels over time and with iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite the at least the version numbers are nearer to each other then ever before. The following demonstrates the OS versions at present (via terminal uname -a command):
OS X Yosemite 10.10.4:
Darwin Kernel Version 14.4.0: Thu May 28 11:35:04 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2782.30.5~1/RELEASE_X86_64
iOS 8.4:
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jun 24 00:50:15 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.7~30/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
Note: The RELEASE_ARM_xxxxxxxx file obviously differs on device / CPU and the time varies by a few minutes per device.
Version List
The compilation date for each version will vary slightly between processors. This is due to the fact that compilations are sequential.
| Version | Build | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| 1A420 | Darwin Kernel Version 4.4.2-Purple-19: Thu Mar 8 01:43:04 PST 2007; root:xnu-933.0.14~46/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB | from prototype - not sure if version is 100% correct. |
| 1.0 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Tue May 22 21:15:54 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.178/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB | Not sure if version is 100% correct. |
| 1.0.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Fri Jun 22 00:38:56 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.1.178~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB | |
| 1.0.2 | ||
| 1.1.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Sep 19 00:08:42 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.203~21/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB | First kernel that was 8900 encrypted - not sure if version is 100% correct. |
| 1.1.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Oct 10 00:07:49 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.204~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB | Not sure if version is 100% correct. |
| 1.1.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Dec 12 00:16:00 PST 2007; root:xnu-933.0.211~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB | |
| 1.1.4 | ||
| 1.1.5 | iPod touch only | |
| 2.0 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Sun Jun 15 21:37:01 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.76~45/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X | |
| 2.0.1 | ||
| 2.0.2 | ||
| 2.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Sun Aug 10 21:25:25 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.27~12/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X | |
| 2.1.1 | ||
| 2.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Sat Nov 1 19:13:13 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.36~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X | |
| 2.2.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Mon Dec 8 21:02:57 PST 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.37~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X | |
| 3.0 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed May 13 22:16:49 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.89~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 3.0.1 | ||
| 3.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Aug 14 13:23:32 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 3.1.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Sep 25 23:35:35 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 3.1.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Dec 18 01:34:28 PST 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 3.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Mon Mar 15 23:15:33 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.27~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | iPad Only |
| 3.2.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Fri May 28 16:46:17 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.50~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 3.2.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 19:08:04 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.60~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.0 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed May 26 22:28:33 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.73~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.0.1 | ||
| 4.0.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 18:46:06 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 22:35:51 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.33~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.2.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Wed Oct 20 20:14:45 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.28~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Feb 10 21:46:56 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.46~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.3.1 | ||
| 4.3.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Mar 30 18:51:10 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1735.46~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.3.3 | ||
| 4.3.4 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sat Jul 9 00:59:43 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1735.47~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 4.3.5 | ||
| 5.0b5 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Aug 2 22:31:30 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 5.0 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Sep 15 23:34:43 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.43~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 5.0.1b | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Oct 19 19:05:07 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.45~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 5.0.1b2 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Nov 1 20:34:16 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.46~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 5.0.1 | ||
| 5.1b | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Nov 13 19:10:13 PST 2011; root:xnu-1878.10.61~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 5.1b2 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Dec 4 18:57:33 PST 2011; root:xnu-1878.10.68~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 5.1b3 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon Jan 2 18:46:01 PST 2012; root:xnu-1878.10.74~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 5.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Feb 1 23:18:07 PST 2012; root:xnu-1878.11.8~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8945X | |
| 5.1.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Apr 8 21:51:26 PDT 2012; root:xnu-1878.11.10~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.0b | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed May 30 19:23:03 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.1.78~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.0b2 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jun 17 19:47:47 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.1.61~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.0b3 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jul 8 20:15:17 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.9~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.0b4 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jul 29 20:15:28 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.26~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.0 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Aug 19 00:31:06 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.33~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 6.0.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed Oct 10 23:32:19 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.34~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 6.0.2 | iPhone 5 only. | |
| 6.1b | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Oct 21 19:28:43 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.51~17/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.1b2 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Nov 4 19:02:54 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.53~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.1b3 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Mon Nov 26 21:17:13 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.53~27/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.1b4 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Dec 9 19:22:45 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.55~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 6.1b5 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Dec 16 20:01:39 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.55~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 6.1 | ||
| 6.1.1b | ||
| 6.1.1 | iPhone 4S only | |
| 6.1.2 | ||
| 6.1.3b2 | Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed Feb 13 21:35:42 PST 2013; root:xnu-2107.7.55.2.2~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X | |
| 6.1.3 | ||
| 6.1.4 | iPhone 5 only. | |
| 6.1.5 | iPod touch 4 only. | |
| 6.1.6 | iPod touch 4 and iPhone 3GS only. | |
| 7.0b | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed May 29 23:53:59 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.1.1.2~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.0b2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jun 17 00:51:51 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.28~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.0b3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jul 1 04:25:28 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.40~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.0b4 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jul 22 02:12:11 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.55~8/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.0b5 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Aug 4 22:40:14 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.70~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.0b6 | ||
| 7.0GM | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Aug 13 21:39:05 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.73~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.0 | ||
| 7.0.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Sep 9 20:56:02 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.74~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | iPhone 5c and 5s only |
| 7.0.2 | ||
| 7.0.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Sep 27 23:08:32 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.3.12~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 7.0.4 | ||
| 7.0.5 | iPhone 5c (iPhone5,4) and iPhone 5s (iPhone6,2) only. | |
| 7.0.6 | ||
| 7.1b | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Nov 11 04:18:01 PST 2013; root:xnu-2423.10.33~9/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.1b2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Dec 10 21:25:34 PST 2013; root:xnu-2423.10.38.1.1~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.1b3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Jan 2 01:55:45 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.45~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.1b4 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 13 03:33:00 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.49.0.1~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.1b5 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 27 23:55:13 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.58~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Feb 21 19:41:10 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.67~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.1.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Mar 28 21:22:10 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.70~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X | |
| 7.1.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu May 15 23:17:54 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.71~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.0b | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon May 26 22:09:06 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2729.0.0.0.9~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8942X | |
| 8.0b2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sat Jun 14 16:36:40 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2775.0.0.1.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.0b3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 2 18:51:34 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.21~19/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.0b4 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 16 21:55:26 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.40.0.3~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.0b5 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 30 23:04:17 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.62~20/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.0GM | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Aug 19 15:09:47 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.72~8/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.0 | ||
| 8.0.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Sep 18 21:52:21 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.72~23/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.0.2 | ||
| 8.1b | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sat Sep 27 18:49:49 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.12~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.1b2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Oct 3 21:52:09 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.13~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Oct 7 00:04:37 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.13~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.1.1b | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Nov 2 20:21:29 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.21~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.1.1 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Nov 3 22:54:30 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.22~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.1.2 | ||
| 8.1.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 2 21:29:20 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.3.26~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.2b3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Dec 14 20:59:15 PST 2014; root:xnu-2783.5.29.0.1~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 8.2b4 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Jan 6 21:02:10 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.5.32~9/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 8.2b5 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 26 22:16:17 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.5.37~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X | |
| 8.2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Feb 9 22:07:57 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.5.38~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.3b3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Mar 4 20:55:58 PST 2015; root:xnu-2784.20.25~26/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.3b4 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Mar 19 00:16:36 PST 2015; root:xnu-2784.20.31~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Mar 29 19:44:04 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.20.34~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X | |
| 8.4b | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Apr 8 21:26:37 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.1~29/RELEASE_ARM64_T7000X | |
| 8.4b2 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Apr 21 21:49:05 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.2~9/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.4b3 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue May 5 23:09:22 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.5~7/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.4b4 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Wed 3 23:19:49 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.7~13/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 8.4 | Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jun 24 00:50:15 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.7~30/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 9.0b | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri May 29 22:14:48 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3216.0.0.1.15~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X | |
| 9.0b2 | Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Mon Jun 15 21:51:54 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3247.1.6.1.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X |
Source Code
As XNU is based off of the BSD kernel, it is open source. The source is under a 3-clause BSD License for the original BSD portions with the portions added by Apple under the Apple Public Source License. The versions contained in iOS are not available, instead only versions used in OS X are available. This does not appear to be legal as per §2.3 in the APSL:
2.3 Distribution of Executable Versions. In addition, if You Externally Deploy Covered Code (Original Code and/or Modifications) in object code, executable form only, You must include a prominent notice, in the code itself as well as in related documentation, stating that Source Code of the Covered Code is available under the terms of this License with information on how and where to obtain such Source Code.
with Source Code defined in §1.8:
1.8 "Source Code" means the human readable form of a program or other work that is suitable for making modifications to it, including all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, scripts used to control compilation and installation of an executable (object code).
It is worth noting that Apple does not list XNU as being an open source component of iOS. This can be seen by viewing opensource.apple.com and selecting any iOS version. As far as can be told, none of the versions of XNU are available in source version.
There are many other open souce components that iOS uses that are not listed, such as:
- CF (CoreFoundation - Cocoa)
- SQLite (SQLite - database utility)
- TimeZoneData (tz database - /usr/share/zoneinfo)
- curl(?) (libcurl - various HTTP operations)
- hfs (hfs - HFS driver)
- launchd (launchd - launch daemon)
- libxml2(?) (libxml2 - parser for XML plists)
- xnu (XNU - Kernel)
- zip (zip - extraction of various files)
It does not appear that Apple assumes what you see in the OS X pages are also on iOS as JavaScriptCore, WebCore, among others are listed on both OS X (10.8) and iOS (6.0), albeit different versions.
It is also worth noting that gdb (GCC debugger) and ld64 are listed as components in iOS 6.0. Why there are present is a mystery as they are not present on unaltered devices, but only through Cydia or Xcode's DeveloperImage.dmg.
Kernel Extensions
iOS, sadly, does not have kexts floating around the file system, but they are indeed present. The kernelcache can be unpacked to show the kernel proper, along with the kexts (all packed in the __PRELINK_TEXT section) and their plists (in the __PRELINK_INFO section).
The Cydia supplied kextstat does not work on iOS. Sadly, the reason is that kextstat relies on kmod_get_info(...), which is a deprecated (and recently removed) API in recent iOS and OS X versions. With that said, the kexts do exist. The alternative, jkextstat, does work on recent iOS versions. jkextstat can cause some confusion as it uses the executable name kextstat, similar to how calling g++ just launches gcc but with parameters to treat all .c files as C++ files.
The following is the output from jkextstat on an iPod touch 4G running iOS 6(?):
Podicum:~ root# ./kextstat 0 __kernel__ 1 kpi.bsd 2 kpi.dsep 3 kpi.iokit 4 kpi.libkern 5 kpi.mach 6 kpi.private 7 kpi.unsupported 8 driver.AppleARMPlatform <1 3 4 5 6 7> 9 iokit.IOStorageFamily <1 3 4 5 6 7> 10 driver.DiskImages <1 3 4 5 6 7 9> 11 driver.FairPlayIOKit <1 3 4 5 6 7> 12 driver.IOSlaveProcessor <3 4> 13 driver.IOP_s5l8930x_firmware <3 4 12> 14 iokit.AppleProfileFamily <1 3 4 5 6 7> 15 iokit.IOCryptoAcceleratorFamily <1 3 4 5 7> 16 driver.AppleMobileFileIntegrity <1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15> 17 iokit.IONetworkingFamily <1 3 4 5 6 7> 18 iokit.IOUserEthernet <1 3 4 5 6 16 17> 19 platform.AppleKernelStorage <3 4 7> 20 iokit.IOSurface <1 3 4 5 6 7 8> 21 iokit.IOStreamFamily <3 4 5> 22 iokit.IOAudio2Family <1 3 4 5 21> 23 driver.AppleAC3Passthrough <1 3 4 5 7 8 11 21 22> 24 iokit.EncryptedBlockStorage <1 3 4 5 9 15> 25 iokit.IOFlashStorage <1 3 4 5 7 9 24> 26 driver.AppleEffaceableStorage <1 3 4 5 7 8 25> 27 driver.AppleKeyStore <1 3 4 5 6 7 15 16 26> 28 kext.AppleMatch <1 4> 29 security.sandbox <1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 28> 30 driver.AppleS5L8930X <1 3 4 5 7 8> 31 iokit.IOHIDFamily <1 3 4 5 6 7 16> 32 driver.AppleM68Buttons <1 3 4 5 7 8 31> 33 iokit.IOUSBDeviceFamily <1 3 4 5> 34 iokit.IOSerialFamily <1 3 4 5 6 7> 35 driver.AppleOnboardSerial <1 3 4 5 7 34> 36 iokit.IOAccessoryManager <3 4 5 7 8 33 34 35> 37 driver.AppleProfileTimestampAction <1 3 4 5 14> 38 driver.AppleProfileThreadInfoAction <1 3 4 6 14> 39 driver.AppleProfileKEventAction <1 3 4 14> 40 driver.AppleProfileRegisterStateAction <1 3 4 14> 41 driver.AppleProfileCallstackAction <1 3 4 5 6 14> 42 driver.AppleProfileReadCounterAction <3 4 6 14> 43 driver.AppleARMPL192VIC <3 4 5 7 8> 44 driver.AppleCDMA <1 3 4 5 7 8 15> 45 driver.IODARTFamily <3 4 5> 46 driver.AppleS5L8930XDART <1 3 4 5 7 8 45> 47 iokit.IOSDIOFamily <1 3 4 5 7> 48 driver.AppleIOPSDIO <1 3 4 5 7 8 12 47> 49 driver.AppleIOPFMI <1 3 4 5 7 8 12 25> 50 driver.AppleSamsungSPI <1 3 4 5 7 8> 51 driver.AppleSamsungSerial <1 3 4 5 7 8 34 35> 52 driver.AppleSamsungPKE <3 4 5 7 8 15> 53 driver.AppleS5L8920X <1 3 4 5 7 8> 54 driver.AppleSamsungI2S <1 3 4 5 7 8> 55 driver.AppleEmbeddedUSB <1 3 4 5 7 8> 56 driver.AppleS5L8930XUSBPhy <1 3 4 5 7 8 55> 57 iokit.IOUSBFamily <1 3 4 5 7> 58 driver.AppleUSBEHCI <1 3 4 5 7 57> 59 driver.AppleUSBComposite <1 3 4 57> 60 driver.AppleEmbeddedUSBHost <1 3 4 5 7 55 57 59> 61 driver.AppleUSBOHCI <1 3 4 5 57> 62 driver.AppleUSBOHCIARM <3 4 5 8 55 57 60 61> 63 driver.AppleUSBHub <1 3 4 5 57> 64 driver.AppleUSBEHCIARM <3 4 5 8 55 57 58 60 63> 65 driver.AppleS5L8930XUSB <1 3 4 5 7 8 55 57 58 60 61 62 64> 66 driver.AppleARM7M <3 4 8 12> 67 driver.EmbeddedIOP <3 4 5 12> 68 driver.AppleVXD375 <1 3 4 5 7 8 11> 69 driver.AppleD1815PMU <1 3 4 5 7 8 31> 70 iokit.AppleARMIISAudio <1 3 4 5 7 22> 71 driver.AppleEmbeddedAudio <1 3 4 5 7 8 22 31 70> 72 driver.AppleCS42L59Audio <3 4 5 8 22 31 70 71> 73 driver.AppleEmbeddedAccelerometer <3 4 5 7 8 31> 74 driver.AppleEmbeddedGyro <1 3 4 5 7 8 31> 75 driver.AppleEmbeddedLightSensor <3 4 5 7 8 31> 76 iokit.IOAcceleratorFamily <1 3 4 5 7 8> 77 IMGSGX535 <1 3 4 5 7 8 76> 78 driver.H2H264VideoEncoderDriver <1 3 4 5 7 8> 79 driver.AppleJPEGDriver <1 3 4 5 7 8> 80 driver.AppleH3CameraInterface <1 3 4 5 7 8> 81 driver.AppleM2ScalerCSCDriver <1 3 4 5 7 8 45> 82 iokit.IOMobileGraphicsFamily <1 3 4 5 7 8> 83 driver.AppleDisplayPipe <1 3 4 5 7 8 82> 84 driver.AppleCLCD <1 3 4 5 7 8 82 83> 85 driver.AppleSamsungMIPIDSI <1 3 4 5 7 8> 86 driver.ApplePinotLCD <1 3 4 5 7 8> 87 driver.AppleSamsungSWI <1 3 4 5 7 8> 88 iokit.IODisplayPortFamily <1 3 4 5 6 7 22> 89 driver.AppleRGBOUT <1 3 4 5 7 8 82 83 88> 90 driver.AppleTVOut <1 3 4 5 7 8> 91 driver.AppleAMC_r2 <1 3 4 5 7 8 11 21 22> 92 driver.AppleSamsungDPTX <3 4 5 7 8 88> 93 driver.AppleSynopsysOTGDevice <1 3 4 5 7 8 33 55> 94 driver.AppleNANDFTL <1 3 4 5 7 9 25> 95 driver.AppleNANDLegacyFTL <1 3 4 5 9 25 94> 96 AppleFSCompression.AppleFSCompressionTypeZlib <1 2 3 4 6> 97 IOTextEncryptionFamily <1 3 4 5 7 11> 98 driver.AppleBSDKextStarter <3 4> 99 nke.ppp <1 3 4 5 6 7> 100 nke.l2tp <1 3 4 5 6 7 99> 101 nke.pptp <1 3 4 5 6 7 99> 102 iokit.IO80211Family <1 3 4 5 6 7 17> 103 driver.AppleBCMWLANCore <1 3 4 5 6 7 8 17 102> 104 driver.AppleBCMWLANBusInterfaceSDIO <1 3 4 5 6 7 8 47 103> 105 driver.AppleDiagnosticDataAccessReadOnly <1 3 4 5 7 8 94> 106 driver.LightweightVolumeManager <1 3 4 5 9 15 24 26> 107 driver.IOFlashNVRAM <1 3 4 5 6 7 25> 108 driver.AppleNANDFirmware <1 3 4 5 25> 109 driver.AppleImage3NORAccess <1 3 4 5 7 8 15 108> 110 driver.AppleBluetooth <1 3 4 5 7 8> 111 driver.AppleMultitouchSPI <1 3 4 5 7 8> 112 driver.AppleUSBMike <1 3 4 5 8 22 33> 113 driver.AppleUSBDeviceMux <1 3 4 5 6 7 33> 114 driver.AppleUSBEthernetDevice <1 3 4 5 6 8 17 33>
For a specific extension, e.g. SandBox, the full information (including the handy load address) is also accessible:
root# ./jkextstat -b sandbox -x:
<plist>
<dict>
<key>CFBundleIdentifier</key>
<string>com.apple.security.sandbox</string>
<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
<string>154.7</string>
<key>OSBundleCPUSubtype</key>
<integer>9</integer>
<key>OSBundleCPUType</key>
<integer>12</integer>
<key>OSBundleDependencies</key>
<array>
<integer>6</integer>
<integer>7</integer>
<integer>5</integer>
<integer>3</integer>
<integer>28</integer>
<integer>1</integer>
<integer>4</integer>
<integer>16</integer>
<integer>2</integer>
</array>
<key>OSBundleExecutablePath</key>
<string>/System/Library/Extensions/Sandbox.kext/Sandbox</string>
<key>OSBundleIsInterface</key>
<false/>
<key>OSBundleLoadAddress</key>
<integer>2153734144</integer>
<key>OSBundleLoadSize</key>
<integer>36864</integer>
<key>OSBundleLoadTag</key>
<integer>29</integer>
<key>OSBundleMachOHeaders</key>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<key>OSBundlePath</key>
<string>/System/Library/Extensions/Sandbox.kext</string>
<key>OSBundlePrelinked</key>
<true/>
<key>OSBundleRetainCount</key>
<integer>0</integer>
<key>OSBundleStarted</key>
<true/>
<key>OSBundleUUID</key>
FqyDtjZPORWu2qyA5WIFDQ==
<key>OSBundleWiredSize</key>
<integer>36864</integer>
<key>OSKernelResource</key>
<false/>
</dict>
</plist>
It's also worth mentioning that, in the above listing, the OSBundleMachOHeaders (base-64 encoded binary headers) leak kernel addresses in iOS 6.0, defeating Kernel ASLR. This has been quickly fixed in iOS 6.0.1, effectively locking down iOS for the foreseeable future, thanks to security researcher mdowd.
Winocm's custom kernel
Winocm uses a custom kernel which the version can be found below.
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Fri Nov 22 18:19:54 CST 2013; root:xnu-2050.48.13~7/DEVELOPMENT_ARM_S5L8930X
See Also
- Kernel Syscalls
- Kernel Sysctls
- Kernel Task
- Kernel Symbols
- kdebug
- kernelcache
- Tutorial:Booting XNU on A4 Devices
External Links
- XNU Source (up to latest **OS X** version)
- i0n1c on exploiting the kernel
- Haifisch on Decrypting the iOS kernel for disassembly
- jkextstat.c
- OSX/iOS internals book
