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/System/Library/CoreServices/SpringBoard.app
Springboard.app is the most important application in iOS user interface. It can be defined as the iOS Window Manager (like fluxbox or fvwm in Linux). It's located in /System/Library/CoreServices on the device.
SpringBoard manages other programs on the device. and is responsible for locking the device ("slide to unlock" and activation screen). Icons that are shown in SpringBoard pages can be rearranged by tapping and holding the icon.
MobileSubstrate extensions
After jailbreaking the device, SpringBoard can be extended with 3rd party extensions injected by Mobile Substrate.
Alternatives
Apple developers and service center employees use SpringBoard's alternative called SwitchBoard.app. It's a simple launcher for other developer utilities, such as SkankPhone (SkankPod if on iPod device) and BurnIn.