AirPlay

AirPlay is the marketing name of Apple's technology for streaming audio and video between iTunes and iOS devices. It is an evolution of AirTunes that was limited to streaming audio from iTunes to Airport Express base stations.

Audio-only content is streamed by using the AirTunes / RAOP (Remote Audio Output Protocol) technology. Video/photo content is based on HTTP live streaming.

Basically currently AirPlay and its protocols cover 4 streaming scenarios:

1. Display photos and slideshows from an iOS device.
2. Stream audio from an iOS device or iTunes. This used to be referred to as AirTunes and is now also often referred to as AirPlay.
3. Display videos from an iOS device or iTunes. This is mostly referred to AirPlay as well.
4. Show the screen content from an iOS device or OS X Mountain Lion. This is called AirPlay Mirroring.

AirPlay (streaming of photos, audio and video) was first introduced in iOS 4.2, AirPlay Mirroring came with iOS 5.0. Early developer builds had the feature integrated in all apps using the standard video controller, but in the final release it was limited to the iPod (videos on iPod touch and iPad) and YouTube apps. However, it is possible to enable AirPlay in 3rd party apps on jailbroken devices.[1]

Currently the only supported target for video / photo streaming is 2nd gen and 3rd gen Apple TV, while other companies are expected to release compatible products in the future.

Mac users can download AirPlayer by Erica Sadun that can receive video from an iOS device [2]. It is quite buggy at the moment, does not support audio, DRM-protected video, or iTunes as a source, but it's still an important achievement as the first independent implementation of AirPlay.

Overview

AirPlay Technology	Display photos and slideshows	Stream audio	Stream video	Display mirroring
Commonly Know as	-	AirPlay, AirTunes	AirPlay	AirPlay Mirroring
Used Protocols, Technology	HTTP	RAOP, RTSP, RTP	HTTP	HTTP, NTP
Receiving supported by (official)	Apple TV 2G, Apple TV 3G	Apple TV 2G, Apple TV 3G, AirPort Express, AirPlay certified receivers	Apple TV 2G, Apple TV 3G	Apple TV 2G, Apple TV 3G
Receiving supported by (unofficial)	-	ShairPort, AirServer	AirView, AirPlayer, AirServer	AirServer
Sending supported by (official)	iPad (Photos App), iTunes, iPhone (Photos App), iPod touch (Photos App)	iPad (iPod/Music App), iTunes, iPhone (iPod/Music App), iPod touch (Music App)	iPad (Videos App), iTunes, iPhone (iPod/Videos App), iPod touch (Videos App)	iPad, iPhone, iPod touch, OS X Mountain Lion
Sending supported by (unofficial)	-	JustePort	AirFlick	AirParrot

Encryption

AirPlay / AirTunes uses public-private-key cryptography to ensure that only valid devices 'talk' to each other. This ensures 2 things:

1. Only valid software (iTunes) can send content (can encrypt content).
   • This is ensured by iTunes using the RSA public key (public maybe misleading here as Apple took good care that this key is not easily revealed) whenever content is sent encrypted. The public keys were found by Jon Lech Johansen in August, 2004. This allowed "invalid" (other than iTunes) software - e.g. ALSA under Linux - to stream audio to 'valid' AirPort Express devices.
2. Only valid devices (Apple TV & Airport Express) can receive content (can decrypt content).
   • This is ensured by valid devices using the RSA private key. Only the private key can be used to decrypt content which was encrypted with the public key (1). The private key was found by James Laird in 2011, allowing "valid" software (iTunes) to stream audio to 'invalid' devices - e.g. a Linux system running Shairport.

Public & Private Keys

RSA public key stored in iTunes

AirPort Express RSA Public Key, Modulus:

59dE8qLieItsH1WgjrcFRKj6eUWqi+bGLOX1HL3U3GhC/j0Qg90u3sG/1CUtwC
5vOYvfDmFI6oSFXi5ELabWJmT2dKHzBJKa3k9ok+8t9ucRqMd6DZHJ2YCCLlDR
KSKv6kDqnw4UwPdpOMXziC/AMj3Z/lUVX1G7WSHCAWKf1zNS1eLvqr+boEjXuB
OitnZ/bDzPHrTOZz0Dew0uowxf/+sG+NCK3eQJVxqcaJ/vEHKIVd2M+5qL71yJ
Q+87X6oV3eaYvt3zWZYD6z5vYTcrtij2VZ9Zmni/UAaHqn9JdsBWLUEpVviYnh
imNVvYFZeCXg/IdTQ+x4IRdiXNv5hEew==

Exponent: AQAB

Source: Jon Lech Johansen’s blog

List of all iTunes RSA Public keys found by Johansen.

By using these keys any application can stream audio to an AirPort Express.

RSA private key stored in AirPort Express

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIIEpQIBAAKCAQEA59dE8qLieItsH1WgjrcFRKj6eUWqi+bGLOX1HL3U3GhC/j0Qg90u3sG/1CUt
wC5vOYvfDmFI6oSFXi5ELabWJmT2dKHzBJKa3k9ok+8t9ucRqMd6DZHJ2YCCLlDRKSKv6kDqnw4U
wPdpOMXziC/AMj3Z/lUVX1G7WSHCAWKf1zNS1eLvqr+boEjXuBOitnZ/bDzPHrTOZz0Dew0uowxf
/+sG+NCK3eQJVxqcaJ/vEHKIVd2M+5qL71yJQ+87X6oV3eaYvt3zWZYD6z5vYTcrtij2VZ9Zmni/
UAaHqn9JdsBWLUEpVviYnhimNVvYFZeCXg/IdTQ+x4IRdiXNv5hEewIDAQABAoIBAQDl8Axy9XfW
BLmkzkEiqoSwF0PsmVrPzH9KsnwLGH+QZlvjWd8SWYGN7u1507HvhF5N3drJoVU3O14nDY4TFQAa
LlJ9VM35AApXaLyY1ERrN7u9ALKd2LUwYhM7Km539O4yUFYikE2nIPscEsA5ltpxOgUGCY7b7ez5
NtD6nL1ZKauw7aNXmVAvmJTcuPxWmoktF3gDJKK2wxZuNGcJE0uFQEG4Z3BrWP7yoNuSK3dii2jm
lpPHr0O/KnPQtzI3eguhe0TwUem/eYSdyzMyVx/YpwkzwtYL3sR5k0o9rKQLtvLzfAqdBxBurciz
aaA/L0HIgAmOit1GJA2saMxTVPNhAoGBAPfgv1oeZxgxmotiCcMXFEQEWflzhWYTsXrhUIuz5jFu
a39GLS99ZEErhLdrwj8rDDViRVJ5skOp9zFvlYAHs0xh92ji1E7V/ysnKBfsMrPkk5KSKPrnjndM
oPdevWnVkgJ5jxFuNgxkOLMuG9i53B4yMvDTCRiIPMQ++N2iLDaRAoGBAO9v//mU8eVkQaoANf0Z
oMjW8CN4xwWA2cSEIHkd9AfFkftuv8oyLDCG3ZAf0vrhrrtkrfa7ef+AUb69DNggq4mHQAYBp7L+
k5DKzJrKuO0r+R0YbY9pZD1+/g9dVt91d6LQNepUE/yY2PP5CNoFmjedpLHMOPFdVgqDzDFxU8hL
AoGBANDrr7xAJbqBjHVwIzQ4To9pb4BNeqDndk5Qe7fT3+/H1njGaC0/rXE0Qb7q5ySgnsCb3DvA
cJyRM9SJ7OKlGt0FMSdJD5KG0XPIpAVNwgpXXH5MDJg09KHeh0kXo+QA6viFBi21y340NonnEfdf
54PX4ZGS/Xac1UK+pLkBB+zRAoGAf0AY3H3qKS2lMEI4bzEFoHeK3G895pDaK3TFBVmD7fV0Zhov
17fegFPMwOII8MisYm9ZfT2Z0s5Ro3s5rkt+nvLAdfC/PYPKzTLalpGSwomSNYJcB9HNMlmhkGzc
1JnLYT4iyUyx6pcZBmCd8bD0iwY/FzcgNDaUmbX9+XDvRA0CgYEAkE7pIPlE71qvfJQgoA9em0gI
LAuE4Pu13aKiJnfft7hIjbK+5kyb3TysZvoyDnb3HOKvInK7vXbKuU4ISgxB2bB3HcYzQMGsz1qJ
2gG0N5hvJpzwwhbhXqFKA4zaaSrw622wDniAK5MlIE0tIAKKP4yxNGjoD2QYjhBGuhvkWKY=
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

This is used so audio can be streamed to 'invalid' devices.

External Links

• AppleTV Validation
• Unofficial AirPlay Protocol Specification
• AirTunes Encryption
• ShairPort v0.05
• MacShairPort
• iOS AirView
• AirTunes2
• Technical note to describe the Remote Audio Access Protocol as used in Apple iTunes to stream music to the Airport Express

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